In Raymond Carver's, short stories, How does one reach enlightenment Research Paper

In Raymond Carver's, short stories, How does one reach enlightenment - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze how one reaches enlightenment in Raymond Carver’s short stories. Thesis of the paper can be put as enlightenment is reached through spiritual transformation of an individual who becomes capable of valuing his/her own self, others, and relationship with others. Writer’s short story Cathedral, which was published in 1983, analyses the issue of human ignorance. Cathedral belongs to literary subgenre called psychological realism. Carver’s literary device is narrator’s passing from the state of insecurity to complete openness. The main character is sure about what he does and what he needs to do. However, as the story unfolds the narrator gets enlightened with the help of a blind person. Such order of events has rather symbolic meaning. Ironically, the thesis of the paper can be sated as, in Carter’s Cathedral enlightenment is reached through blindness. This short story can be described as a journey into oneâ€℠¢s inner self or one’s enlightenment. ... Narrator’s wife and the blind man were exchanging tape recordings which they both were fond of (Carver 100). The narrator is actually the main character of the story. He is rather narrow-minded personality lacking self-confidence. He cannot communicate well with other people and feels himself as outsider. Only after meeting with the blind man, the narrator begins his inside transformation. In the process of communication with Robert the narrator discovers that there is another side of human relationships and communications. He begins to understand that openness makes both relationship and communication easier and much more valuable. The blind man place role of discoverer and his task is to discover the narrator’s hidden positive traits of character. Unlike the narrator, Robert seems to have very good relationship with narrator’s wife. Moreover, he seems to understand the woman better than her own husband. It might be because of woman’s former psychological trauma when she attempted suicide (Schuman 259). One of the turning points of the story is the narrator and the blind man’s drawing of the cathedral. After watching some historical program about the Middle Ages, Robert expresses an unusual idea to draw a cathedra together. Moreover, the narrator had to lead the drawing to make Robert better present and understand the notion of cathedral. Schuman stresses that the catharsis of the events in the story is the narrator’s spiritual transformation (Schuman 263). The reader also feels a kind of invitation to open up spiritually and to better comprehend oneself. In fact, the narrator feels some new sensation, intimacy,

Literature Review Format Essay Example for Free

Literature Review Format Essay Literature Review This packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor. This packet is subdivided into six sections: I. General Information States what a literature review is and what purpose it serves. II. Process Gives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review. III. Organization Explains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review. IV. Format Provides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B). V. Checklist Allows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines. VI. Resources Lists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information. General Information Definition Literature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis. In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if they  Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 were researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amount and quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper: †¢ Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: â€Å"why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out† (Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J. , 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective. †¢ Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review â€Å". . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis]. † Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review. Purpose Although literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand. In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-Specificity A literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. †¢ Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis. †¢ Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis. Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research. Email at [emailprotected]hv. edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 REVIEW 1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between the author’s thesis and the literature being reviewed? 2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in? Process 1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review. 2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things: A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw in research, continuing previous research, etc . . . B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to your research problem. You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B). 3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review. 4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis. 5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review. 6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relate to your thesis. 7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review. 8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review. 9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues. 10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological. 11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion. 12. Complete the final draft of the literature review. Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors. 14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature Review You may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response: What is the purpose of the research or work? What research or literary methods are used? How do the major concepts operate? In a research study, how accurate are the measurements? In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself? REVIEW 1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review? Why? Justify your response(s). Organization A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically. Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below. Example The organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoring communication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess: †¦Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . . Then state what angle is going to be explored: †¦These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center†¦ Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developed and are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 In the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations. In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself: -Research Review -Recommended Spatial Arrangement -Alternative Spatial Arrangement -Other Considerations. Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings: †¦While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs†¦ Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is  especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic. Example The organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess: †¦This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century†¦ Then state what angle is going to be explored: .. As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well†¦ Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review: Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time. In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question) that is being asked for a particular time period: -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s -Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s -Current Advancements Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as â€Å"This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. † 1 Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings: Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public. Format There are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review. Format A Outline I. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph. a. Identify the general topic being discussed. b. Mention trends published about the topic. c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literature review. d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating the literature review and rationalizing its organization II. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study. a. First study is summarized and discussed. b. Second study is summarized and discussed. c. Third study is summarized and discussed. III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies. a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed. b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed. IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review. a. Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section III of your review. b. Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area of study such as a specific discipline or profession Format B  organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below. Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 Format B Outline I. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph. a. Identify the general topic being discussed. b. Mention trends published about the topic. c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literature review. d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating the literature review and rationalizing its organization II. Similiarities within the research are discussed. a.  First similarity among research is discussed. b. Second similarity among research is discussed. c. Third similiarity among research is discussed. III. Differences in the research are discussed. a. First difference between research is discussed b. Second difference between research is discussed c. Third difference between research is discussed IV. Conclusion/Summary a. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works. b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a larger area of study such as a specific discipline or profession. The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW 1. Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why? A Literature Review Checklist: Did I . . . . . . ? ? Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research ? State this thesis clearly in my introduction ? Define unfamiliar terms ? Incorporate background information to define the problem ? Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference ? List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288 ? Describe the outcome of the work or the research ? Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions ? Avoid overquoting ? Check for grammar and punctuation errors ? Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation style Resources Brightwell, G.  and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. Retrieved August 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at the Asian Institute of Technology’s Web page at http://www. languages. ait. ac. th/EL21OPEN. HTM Central Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. Retrieved July 22, 2003 from http://www. library. cqu. edu. au/litreviewpages/ Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review. Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook A blast from the past: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from http://jan. ucc. nau. edu/~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading21-1. html Taylor, D. , Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 from http://www. utoronto. ca/writing/litrev. html Trinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003 http://www. uea. ac. uk/~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review. pdf The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academic writing: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from http://www. wisc. edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature. html *In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled â€Å"References† and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently. Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria. Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow. Email at [emailprotected] edu University West, room 129 (361) 570-4288.

Nineteenth Century Insane Asylums Essay example -- Exploratory Researc

Nineteenth Century Insane Asylums No matter where they were, mad houses, or insane asylums, have the same basic features and functions. The views of asylum life changed drastically over the course of the nineteenth century. The growth of the number of mad houses during the nineteenth century is quite remarkable. Before 1810, only a few states had insane asylums. By 1850, most of the Northeastern and Midwestern states' legislatures supported having asylums. As early as 1860, 23 of the 33 existing states had some sort of public institution for the insane. (Perrucci, p.11) The view of what caused insanity was widely disputed during this time period. Some physicians viewed insanity as being caused by a disease of the brain resulting in lesions. The opposing view, held by many Europeans, was that insanity was caused by civilization or society as a whole. (Perrucci, p.12) Classification played a significant role in the asylums and how they were run. First there is the classification between sane and insane. This division has continually been the center of study and discussion. Perhaps those that are considered insane aren't really. "Nineteenth century records make it clear that those alone, whether single, divorced, or widowed, were particularly vulnerable to institutionalization." (Dwyer, p.106) The next classification distinction is whether a person is temporarily insane or chronically insane. In many places, the need for a separate institution for the chronically insane was discussed. When a New York state asylum was considering a separate location, superintendent John Gray "opposed the idea of a separate institution for the chronically insane." (Dwyer, p.46) This idea was discredited throughout America and Europe. (... ...bility for Poe's story does exist. Mad houses were hardly present at the beginning of the nineteenth century. They quickly sprouted up throughout Europe and the United States. For the most part, they were run by a powerful, authoritative hierarchy. Towards the end of the century, people realized the major problems of asylums, and reform swept both Europe and the States. Bibliography Beaver, Harold, Ed. The Science Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe. Penguin Books. London: 1976. Dwyer, Ellen. Homes for the Mad: Life Inside Two Nineteenth Century Asylums. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick: 1987. Perrucci, Robert. Circle of Madness: On Being Insane and Institutionalized in America. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1974. Porter, Roy. A Social History of Madness: The World Through the Eyes of the Insane. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. New York: 1987.

First Draft of Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay

There are a lot issues that actually affect our economy, such acts as gross domestic product, nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and as well as interest rates. These areas actually has massive power regarding the way we purchase groceries, if there will be a large amounts of layoffs to workers, and decrease in taxes. Gross Domestic Product is defined as the market value of services and goods that are made in the country in one year. This is an indication of the normal living situation in a country. On the contrary, real GDP is a nation’s total output of goods and services adjusted for price changes. Nominal GDP is the gross domestic product without inflation adjustments. Unemployment rate is a fraction of the whole workforce who are unemployed and looking for work. Inflation rate is the amount increase by percentage that products & services increase on an annual basis. Interest rate is the amount charged, expressed as a percentage of principal, by a lend er to a borrower for the use of assets. These factors are relevant to our lives and how we manager the money we have. Purchasing food sounds like an easy thing to do but if you are limited on money, it can be very stressful. The price of food affects the government. Products are produced and sold within our country; this affects GDP, real GDP, and nominal GDP. This is precisely relevant to buyers spending and during periods of recession, buyers ease up on spending and decide to save. Once consumers venture into savings mode, all business will be effected because production is down and this could cause layoffs. Purchasing food affects homes due to the fact that a lot of people have a hard time trying to provide for their families and when the cost of goods constantly goes up but wages don’t this makes it really difficult to live. Massive layoffs affect people’s standard of living and that is what the GDPÂ  is centered around. Having to many layoffs can have a dramatic effect on the unemployment status which c auses the economy to have a higher unemployment rate which causes salaries to go down so what their spending is down. Massive layoffs has a vicious cycle and globally in 2012, 200 million people were without employment and this shows the slowdown in employment growth, which means companies are were not hiring and people were not spending like they use to. Massive layoffs affect the economy dramatically because it has a huge impact on consumer spending which in my opinion makes the world go around. If no one is buying then production is down and that’s how layoffs happen, and this affects households, businesses, and the government. Tax decreases can stimulate economic growth because if people are paying less in taxes, they have more money to spend. It has been proven over the years that tax decreases generate economic growth and federal revenue will always rise. On a personal note, I sometimes spend more during tax season because I usually get back a good return because I qualify for various tax breaks. These affect my household because I have more disposable income. Tax decreases can help a business if their taxes are decreased the organization will payout less and have more income. As we compare GDP, nominal GDP, real GDP, unemployment rates, inflation, and interest rates, it is obvious that all of these factors affect us every day. They show how we spend our money and these factors give indications of recession. Buying groceries, layoffs, and tax decreases are all a reflection of these factors. Daily acts, such as, buying groceries has huge impact on our economy because it is directly related to consumer spending, which is a driving force. Massive layoffs affect our households, business, and government because this causes consumer spending to go down. Tax decreases on the other hand has a positive influence on all six factors. Plus it will benefit your household, business, and the government. References Colander, D.C. (2010). Macroeconomics (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin http://www.forbes.com

Fast Food: Problem in America? Essay

Imagine you’re at McDonald’s and you’re going in for that bite on your burger. First thing you think about is the tastiness of the burger and not exactly what you’re eating. Little do you know that you’re eating so much stuff that will actually take a toll on your body in the long run? Most Americans do not have this thought running through their minds because all they care about is the explosion of flavor in their mouth and the satisfaction of being full after. Americans should eliminate the regular consumption of fast food because the fast food diet leads to health issues, such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Diabetes is a common factor after consuming fast foods (junk food). For those who do not know what diabetes is: Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store sugar. Sugar backs up in the bloodstream causing one’s blood sugar to rise too high and fast food is high in sugar even though we do not know it. Even though the fast food may be high in calories, it will lack nutritional value because of the high amount of carbs as well as all the fats. Fast foods are usually high in calories, and highly processed, but they tend to have few vitamins and minerals, and are usually low in fiber. Fast foods often contain large amount of added sugar, and high in saturated fats and Trans fats. Besides diabetes, Americans are highly affected from fast foods in the form of obesity. You can find a fast food restaurant every time you turn the corner and you can choose from burgers, tacos or a sugary drink at most places. As mentioned before: Fast foods are typically high in calories, fat, sugar, carbohydrates, and sodium. I believe the rate of obesity is so high because of how inexpensive it is to buy and also due to multiple locations of fast food restaurants. Obesity is starting to become a major factor in America these days due to all the fast food we consume. In addition to Obesity in America, it is now becoming a big deal to the youth. As said before, most fast food chains lurk around every corner and is  very tempting to the human eye. Along with the location of fast food our lifestyles have changed over the years where we live in a fast paced society. The fast food industry understands this which is why there is a drive through window. You can order something healthier on the fast food menu, but most of the time you are being rushed to order and you make the wrong choice, or because the healthier items on the menu are usually the most expensive. Either way this is what I see when I order from fast food restaurants. Finally, the most serious outcome of consuming fast food in your daily will be heart disease and eventually death. Studies found that consuming fast food as little as once a week increases the risk of dying from coronary heart disease by 20 percent. The risk goes up to 50 percent if you eat fast food two to three times weekly, according to the study. Worse still, the risk shoots to 80 percent for those who eat fast food four or more times per week. The study I found was interesting to me and it had me thinking of my own eating habits. Can you imagine with all the excess carbs, fats, sodium, sugars, and cholesterols being absorbed in your system that it will play a major role on your cardiovascular system? The thought of this was quite stunning and should be taught worldwide to prevent heart disease, which will lead to death. Fast food will always be a favorite meal for anyone that doesn’t have time to cook, on a budget, or just prefers the tastiness of the grease. Down the road if fast food is consumed daily then the effects will be catastrophic on the human body such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Fast food might not seem harmful at first, but the effects will soon become noticeable such as your waist line will become a lot bigger and you will start to feel out of shape even if it is simply walking that you do. Most of this essay is referring to the Americans, but if I were to specify which category that fast food affects the most the category would best suit the adults and children would be another category that suits this very well. Childhood obesity is on the rise and everyone throughout the world should know this, but for now just be aware that fast food is a major cause for diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.

Amphicyon - Facts and Figures

Amphicyon - Facts and Figures Name: Amphicyon (Greek for ambiguous dog); pronounced AM-fih-SIGH-on Habitat: Plains of the northern hemisphere Historical Epoch: Middle Oligocene-Early Miocene (30-20 million years ago) Size and Weight: Varies by species; up to six feet long and 400 pounds Diet: Omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; bear-like body About Amphicyon Despite its nickname, the Bear Dog, Amphicyon was directly ancestral to neither bears nor dogs. This was the most prominent genus of the family of mammalian, vaguely canine-like carnivores that succeeded the larger creodonts (typified by Hyaenodon and Sarkastodon) but preceded the first true dogs. True to its nickname, Amphicyon looked like a small bear with the head of a dog, and it probably pursued a bear-like lifestyle as well, feeding opportunistically on meat, carrion, fish, fruit, and plants. The front legs of this prehistoric mammal were especially well-muscled, meaning it could probably stun prey senseless with a single well-aimed swipe of its paw. Befitting a mammal with such a lengthy provenance in the fossil recordabout 10 million years, from the middle Oligocene to the early Miocene epochsthe genus Amphicyon embraced nine separate species. The two largest, the appropriately named A. major and A. giganteus, weighed up 400 pounds fully grown and roamed the expanse of Europe and the near east. In North America, Amphicyon was represented by A. galushai, A. frendens, and A. ingens, which were slightly smaller than their Eurasian cousins; various other species hailed from modern-day India and Pakistan, Africa, and the far east. (The European species of Amphicyon were identified in the early 19th century, but the first American species was only announced to the world in 2003.) Did Amphicyon hunt in packs, like modern wolves? Probably not; more likely this megafauna mammal stayed well out of the way of its pack-hunting competitors, contenting itself with (say) piles of rotting fruit or the carcass of a recently deceased Chalicotherium. (On the other hand, oversized grazing animals like Chalicotherium were themselves so slow that elderly, sick or juvenile herd members could easily be picked off by a solitary Amphicyon.) In fact, its likely that the Bear Dog faded from the world scene 20 million years ago, at the end of its long reign, because it was displaced by better-adapted (i.e., faster, sleeker, and more lightly built) hunting animals.

buy custom Child Language essay

buy custom Child Language essay I agree that the play is a work of children. The characters in the play are acting in the capacity of young children. They are attempting to bring out the scenario in the real world of children. The evidence of the play is brought out in the statement that the play cannot be convincing or interesting as the children. It took the characters a great deal of practice to do what was, well, childs play in the nursery (Paley, 2005). Address language, conversation, and stories and their role in play, according to Paley The language use in the play is child language. It is less sensible as it picks on anything randomly and gives a narration which has no direction in itself. The language uses sound devises such as Ahzz! Water, water! Gulp, gulp, gulp, come on, drink it! The language is the child version way of communication. Similarly, the conversation lacks the connection to be one contribution discussion. Every child does her things independently but talking to each other simultaneously at the same time. Each child in the play is pursuing a fantasy but seem to be aware of the other cild contribution in the play (Layne, 2007). Select one anecdote from the book, and discuss why it holds meaning for you in the context of the concept of play One anecdote from the book I select is the victory story of Vijay. It is an interesting one because of its tragedy and the victory. The plane crash into OHare, and into the Westin tall building. The plane was fixed by the mechanics and people were fixed by the doctors. The building was not fixed because it was on fire. The victory repeats when the people go home in her story (Cooper, 2009). Compare two children mentioned in the book, and discuss how their situation represents the concept of the importance of the play The two children mentions in the play are Kostos and Vijay. The Vijay story is about a plane that crash into an OHare, and into the Westin tall building. In his story, the tragedy was the plane crashing into the building (Bjorklund, Blasi, 2011). The plane was damage, the building burns and the people were injured. There was a victory on his story. There were ffixers who help to fix the damages. The fixers are mechanics, doctors and firemen (Rodney, 2009). Address the view of the concept of fantacy and imagination, as presented by by paley, with supporting details The concept of fantasy is brought out in the story of Kostos and Vijay. The plane crashing into an OHare, and into the Westin tall building was deadly tragedy and the narrator cannot be talking about the fixing, that could happen in the real set up. It is a fantasy that there were survivors who they were treated and discharge to go home (O'Loughlin, 2009). Describe the concept, example, or situation in this book which was most meaningful to you The concept which is meaningful to me in the book is the story of Vijay tragedy and victory story. The plane that crash into an OHare, and into the Westin tall building (Bjorklund, 2011). The plane was damage, the building burns and the people were injured. There was a victory on her story. There were fixers who help to fix the damages. The fixers are mechanics, doctors and firemen (Staples, Cochran, 2008). Buy custom Child Language essay

There are No Failed Books 3 Ways to Save a Trunk Novel - Freewrite Store

There are No Failed Books 3 Ways to Save a Trunk Novel - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by author Jeff Somers.  He has published nine novels, including the  Avery Cates Series  of noir-science fiction novels from Orbit Books, the darkly hilarious crime novel  Chum  from Tyrus Books, and most recently tales of blood magic and short cons in the  Ustari Cycle.       When Truman Capote died in 1984, he hadn’t published a major work since the absolute classic In Cold Blood in 1965. He’d produced material, yes; mainly short stories and some screenplays. Some of that work had been highly regarded, but nothing on the scale and ambition of In Cold Blood or Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Over the course of those two decades, Capote had transformed from a predominantly literary figure into a general celebrity, a man known for his parties, his circle of famous friends, his wit, and his television appearances more than his writing. But Capote hadn’t been idle. In fact, in January 1966 he signed a contract with Random House for a new novel, receiving a $25,000 advance (nearly $200,000 in 2017 money). The book proposal was ambitious: A modern reworking of Proust’s immense In Search of Lost Time. Capote worked on the book (titled Answered Prayers) for the next twenty years, occasionally publishing chapters from it, and renegotiating his contract twice (getting a further $750,000 in 1969 and a promise of $1 million if he ever finished the book in 1980, money he never saw). He once remarked about the book â€Å"either I'm going to kill  it, or it's going to kill me,† and history shows who won that struggle. The unfinished draft of the novel was published posthumously. There are many possible reasons why Capote couldn’t finish this novel. Maybe his celebrity was too enticing and he lost his drive to create. Or it might have been the reaction early chapters received: Much of the book was a thinly veiled depiction of his high society friends and their very embarrassing behavior, which cost him those friends- something that Capote reportedly took very hard. Or maybe it was just one of those books that all authors begin and then lug around with them for years, even decades- sometimes their whole lives. We call them Trunk Novels- novels that start off with so much promise, so much excitement, and then proceed to consume hundreds of thousands of words and huge tracts of time without ever coalescing into something resembling coherency. Every author has at least one. Most of us have several.       Too Good To Fail The problem with a Trunk Novel is there’s something there. A premise or an experiment, an energy, a challenge- something that brings you back to it again and again even though you can never get it to work. You revise, you scrap and start over, you recast it in different genres, you try to put it away and forget about it, but you can’t. And even if you are eventually able to put the book aside, should you? After all, you put a lot of good work into it. A lot of time, ideas, and solid writing. Instead of abandoning Trunk Novels, rethink them- here are three strategies for getting them out of your trunk and into publishable shape without losing any more of your sanity or precious time. Method 1: The Mashup If you’ve got more than one Trunk Novel cluttering up your hard drive with its imperfect sadness, one ambitious but potentially brilliant strategy is to combine them. This requires a certain amount of overlap in terms of genre and style, of course (though it doesn’t have to be a perfect match, as many genres combine wonderfully well- like romance and horror) and will probably need quite a bit of fix-up revision, but it can work. (Photo by  Erwan Hesry  on  Unsplash) The reason why it works is simple: Many Trunk Novels have great stuff in them- and it’s often complementary stuff. One novel I was working on for years had a solid plot, a good framework of events and motives, but it lacked interesting characters and lush description. A second book, separated from the first by several years, had a cast of characters I loved spending time with, but meandered through a plot that barely qualified. Taking the two and combining them resulted in a strong novel that popped off the page. I haven’t sold that novel yet, but my agent is enthusiastic. Method 2: Call It Sometimes you can get caught up in the supposed â€Å"rules† of professional writing. One of those rules concerns the marketability of a novel, and specifies that in order to have any chance your novel has to hit a certain word count (80,000 words is usually the quoted number, though you’ll hear variations on that). And thus, were a million Trunk Novels born because writers are reluctant to admit that what they’ve actually written is a novella or a short story. Writers sometimes desperately try to turn works into novels because they think novellas are impossible to sell, and short stories aren’t worth it in terms of money or attention. But novellas are actually easier to sell these days than in the past, thanks to digital platforms that don’t really care about word counts, and short stories have been having a Moment as increasing numbers of them are being adapted into film and television- see Arrival, The Grey, and Total Recall- leading many agents to reevaluate the wisdom of writers spending time and effort on shorter works. (Photo by  Simson Petrol  on  Unsplash) So, if you have a novel that’s been sitting in the Trunk for a while, consider whether the problem isn’t the story or the writing, but it’s girth. Is it a novella or short story that you’ve been trying to bulk up to novel size? Try cutting it mercilessly down and see what you have. You might be surprised. Method 3: The Inversion Another way to save a Trunk Novel from oblivion is to run a critical eye over your assumptions about the book. That initial moment of inspiration we experience is often powerful- one of the best things about being creative is that rush of energy when you have â€Å"the idea.† That power also burns certain things into your brain, like who the main or POV character should be, or the tone the story needs, or the precise pacing of the plot events. Over time, these turn into assumptions- no matter how often you attack the book unsuccessfully, you never think about changing the bedrock of that initial inspiration. You become blind to the possibilities offered by other characters who might be promoted or explored, other stylistic choices, or other third acts that go off in crazy directions. (Photo by  Dardan Mu  on  Unsplash) The secret sauce in this approach isn’t so much that you were wrong about everything from the beginning, but in the thrill of the unknown. By the time you’re ready to admit that a book is a Trunk Novel, there’s a very good chance you’ve been over each scene, every line of dialog, and every plot twist many, many times. It’s familiar, and familiarity breeds contempt and blindness. You can’t see it any more. Changing something fundamental about the book forces you into unknown territory, bringing back some of that electric buzz of discovery and revealing new ways forward. With a book stuck in Trunk Mode, that can jump-start the creative process and get you over the finish line. Not every novel can be saved, and writing a bad book is just part of being a writer- but if you’ve got a novel that just won’t go quietly into that dusty drawer, consider trying one of these techniques to rescue it once and for all. So, how many Trunk Novels are you hauling around with you? Have you ever managed to make one work? Let us know if you did, and if so, how you did it!    Jeff Somers (www.jeffreysomers.com) began writing by court order as an attempt to steer his creative impulses away from engineering genetic grotesqueries. He has published nine novels, including theAvery Cates Series of noir-science fiction novels from Orbit Books (www.avery-cates.com) and theUstari Cycleseries of urban fantasy novels. His short story â€Å"Ringing the Changes† was selected for inclusion inBest American Mystery Stories 2006,his story â€Å"Sift, Almost Invisible, Through† appeared in the anthologyCrimes by Moonlight edited by Charlaine Harris, and his story â€Å"Three Cups of Tea† appeared in the anthologyHanzai Japan. He also writes about books forBarnes and Noble andAbout.com and about the craft of writing forWriter’s Digest, which will publish his book on the craft of writingWriting Without Rules in 2018. He lives in Hoboken with his wife, The Duchess, and their cats. He considers pants to always be optional.

Keynesian and Real Business Cycle Theories Essay

Keynesian and Real Business Cycle Theories - Essay Example The effects of the declining trends in economy expand to all the areas such as production, income, consumption and employment level. Therefore it has been an important issue for the economists of all eras to study the main concerns such as the causes of the business cycle and the responsive behaviour needs to be adopted by the policy makers. Despite many explanations provided by the economists the questions remain still controversial. The main groups of economists involved in the controversy are the Keynesian economists and the classical economists. According to the classical point of view the business cycles are the result of disturbances in the production and spending. The classical economists do not find the need of government action in order to counter the recessions in the economy. On the other hand according to the Keynesian economists the wages and the prices do not respond very quickly to the disturbances in the production level and the employment level. Therefore the Governmental action is needed in order to deal with the situation. In the next section the essay will further elaborate the debate between the two school of thoughts. The Real Business cycle theory is the extended version of the classical theory, which sees business cycle as the result of the productivity shocks. According to the Real business cycle theory the reduction in the productivity at temporary basis creates a declining effect on the real wages, employment level and output and increase the interest rate and the prices. The RBC theory finds a positive relation ship between the business cycle and the level of real wage, prices and the overall productivity level of Labour. On the other hand the theory asserts a negative relation ship between the price level and the business cycle. The anti-cyclical trend of price level is taken as failure by many of the critics of the theory. Except the productivity shocks the increase in the Government purchase also increase the employment level, the interest rate and the price level. Hence the classical model undertake the study of both fiscal factors and the productivity shocks. Although the fiscal policy can play its part in order to improve employment level and output but the classical economists do not support the role of Government action and states that the invisible hand can adjust the market to the most efficient level. The role of money in the RBC is neutral. RBC theorists suggest that increasing or decreasing the nominal money supply can effect the price level but cannot effect the output level, employment and interest rate. The statement of money being neutral by the classical economists has been a failure. It has been proven several times that the role of money supply is not neutral and the money supply has been used in many countries as the policy measure for stabilising the economy. In the case of the extended classical theory i.e. misperceptions theory the sudden change in the in the money supply can affect the output. If the consumers can make rational forecasts regarding the macroeconomic variables the such as money supply the Government regulating bodies cannot surprise the consumers since the will make the judgement regarding the actions of the regulating body. Hence according to

Healtcare Reform Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healtcare Reform - Coursework Example Additionally, insurance policies were not flexible, and one could be denied adequate healthcare at any one time. Hence millions of people were not at the verge of affording such expensive insurance contribution. Currently, health care has adopted various reforms. More generic drugs production has lead to an increase in competition, spurring up a decrease in the drugs cost. Medicare has escalated the drugs cost for the seniors. A monitoring and evaluation body (PCORI) has been established to advice on the care improvement. In response to the rising cases of obesity and lifestyle related diseases, all restaurants have been forced to attach a label on their products so that the consumers can make informed choices (Odier, 2010). Insurance firms were previously notorious in dropping the coverage when one is sick, but currently the law restricts them to do so. Most significantly, children below twenty six years can remain attached to the parents’ insurance scheme. Other improvements include introduction of a state consumer assistance program to aid in citizens complains response, inauguration of fraud fighting tools, free preventive care, physician increase, especially in rural areas and 80/20 rule

Critique Writing on Quantitative Research Essay

Critique Writing on Quantitative Research - Essay Example This analysis has developed a unified and cohesive explanation that has not only been targeted at expounding the specifics of the research, but also provides a clear formulation of a thorough research interpretation. According to my suggestion from the study observations, it is apparent that the sample size and the methodology that is employed in the experimental group subjects selection invalidates the research thereby resulting in a great reduction of the ultimate ability to generalize the immediate and eventual population. Key Words: teacher in-servicing, research, methodology, sample size, and research validity Critical analysis In this research paper on The effects of teacher training on new instructional behaviour in reading comprehension, de Jager, and colleagues (2002) have given an outline of a quasi-design of an experiment that is centred on three groups of sample population (these groups consists of two investigational and one control group). These sample groups were selec ted from the population that consisted of 83 teachers from the primary school level in Northern Netherlands. While introducing the research paper, the authors insists on the need for the teachers incorporating the appropriate instructional approaches through which they will be implanted with the guidelines for the new instructions coupled with the need for accessing the inservice coaching through which they will successfully be able to implement these models in their day to days teaching. This can be explained as the statement that details the reason behind the research. However, this must not be misunderstood as a research question according to my belief. It is just a belief statement that is employed in framing the focus and purpose of the research. In addition, the authors recognize the fact that in education, the focus has to revolve around the student based and constructive learning. This idea is supported by Dorgan (2004) who insists that pupils have to be guided and facilitat ed by the teachers to the best understanding level. In addition, the authors also recognizes the fact that while the educational theory can be perceived to have progressed to an extent of meeting the current paradigm higher standards, the progress of education has not been progressive to a level that is up to date. Therefore, the paper aims to explore the possibility of having the educational and theoretical practices reconciled practically. Research problem In this research paper, de Jager, and colleagues (2002) have their focus drawn to particular research question that has clearly been detailed in page 832. Rather that detailing the question as interrogative, it is framed as a statement that asks; can the primary school teachers be trained in the Direct Instruction (DI) or Cognitive Apprentiship (CA) model? Particularly important to the author is the way the metacognitive skills are integrated into the models employed in teaching. The authors insist that through the previous stud ies; for instance those conducted in 2001 by Muijs and Reynolds among others, the Direct Instruction is proven to be effective when it comes to enhancing the basic skills development. In addition, the authors have insisted that from the proof provided by the lab experiments, the Cognitive Apprenticeship has been proven to be effective. As a result of these facts, we can justify conducting and analysing similar

Competition-MicroEconomics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Competition-MicroEconomics - Term Paper Example A large number of firms, product differentiation and easy entry and exit are the main characteristics of monopolistic competition. Competition is one of the important market forces. There are mainly two types of competition exist: price competition and non-price competition. Price competition is mainly experienced in a highly competitive market where perfect competition takes place. On the other hand, non-price competition occurs mostly in monopolistic market situations in which competing firms offer different attractive offers and special discounts with an aim of attracting and retaining customers. Competition provides an environment in which not only buyers benefit but also sellers enjoy normal profits. For the buyers, competition is a source to obtain reasonable but competitive prices for goods and services and they do not need pay additional charges for the goods and services. This mostly occurs in perfectly competitive market in which buyers have perfect information about the goods and services and homogenous products are sold. Monopoly is form of market structure in which there is only a single seller who controls the entire supply of goods or services. Monopolistic competition is a combination of both perfect competition and monopoly. In which, there are certain characteristics of both monopoly and perfect competition remain functional. In the following parts of the paper, first definition of competition has been provided and it is followed by types of competition. After defining each type of competition, a conclusion part has been included to sum up the paper. Firms observe two types of competition: price competition and non-price competition. The firms compete with each other to attract and retain customers. For this purpose, they adopt different competition strategies to entertain their business objectives. Diminishing the price of their product below the price of competitors is one way to increase

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Research Paper Example Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is caused by infectious agents known as prions. Prions are a form of proteins which are common in the human body and usually harmless. But, when prion proteins are misshaped or folded they become infectious causing nearby healthy cells to replicate the abnormal shape. While the contaminated cells quickly deteriorate tissue, the brain forms holes leaving the texture so drastically altered it resembles that of a sponge. The rare disease can be transmitted a multitude of ways such as by contamination, sporadically or through inheritance. Transmission through contamination is classified as those which contract the disease after being exposed to infected tissue during surgeries, such as cornea transplants. Consisting of less than 10% of all cases, risk of exposure is low, yet still possible due to the ability of infectious agents to withstand typical sterilization practices of medical equipment. The majority of cases, approximately 85%, are attributed to the sporadic occurrence of CDJ where the disease presents spontaneously and not attributed to another form of transmission. Some cases are deemed inherited when found in patients testing positive for certain mutated genes or with a family history of CDJ. This category includes the majority of cases seen in younger patients, some being in their late twenties. Symptoms Accurate diagnosis of Creutzfekd-Jakob disease is only possible by brain biopsy or autopsy. Few biopsies are performed due to danger to the patient, inability to ensure the section removed is from a currently infected area and the chance of others contracting the disease through exposure to the infected brain tissue.

Prsosecution of a Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prsosecution of a Case - Essay Example Homicide and terrorism are the two chosen cases for this illustration. There is voluminous amount of work that requires to be done with the witnesses, evidences, statements and items prior to the case being brought before the jury and the judge subsequent to the information of the original misdeed. A number of ethical considerations should be put into considerations from the establishment of a particular case say homicide. The exploration of particular cases should remain in the hands of law enforcement workers who are directly connected to the information and case concerning the suspect's true identity, the approach and procedure followed to retrieve information from the said suspect and the fact that neither coercion nor excessive force was employed so as to attain a confession etc (Schmalleger, 2006). It is important that the investigation observes legal and professional standards from the commencement till completion of a case so that it can be prosecuted successfully. The requirement that an investigator be of high ethical and moral standards is o f great importance to the suspect himself, the whole case, the prosecution, the victim and the department. All of the parts should become clear rather than be changed or forced to fit a particular crime as it happened. Terrorism and homicide are considered to the most ruthless crimes common in human society. To minimize the ethical problems involved in the investigation of these crimes, investigators should seek to curtail the ethical issues such as: getting confessions through exercising of force, coercion or unjust intimidation of the suspect; turning down a request by a suspect to his/her attorney representative; bullying and bribing; torture and beatings of suspects or worst of all straight out/ pre-judicial murder of the suspects. Investigators should uphold professionalism and follow the set techniques for investigating a crime i.e. Interview every witness as well as the victim(s) if doable. Scrutinize the scene to ascertain a hypothesis as to what took place. Take pictures of the scene to obtain visual evidence of all substance and potential evidence. Draft should be prepared of the sight as to the site of evidence or body etc. Process every information and tangible evidence that was gotten and follow through on it. Prosecution problems that can arise when the case is presented for trial if the investigator was unethical In case a case is presented for trial deficient of the ethical principle of the investigator, a number of prosecution problems may arise: if the whole or part of the terrorism or homicide inquiry is pushed or rushed through devoid of the whole thing being handled in a professional and thorough manner, a mistaken suspect might be held convict under sham pretenses or worse still the case in question might be thrown out of the court; a legal malpractice claim might be filed against the investigator, the unprofessional and improper handling of the relationship between the attorney and the client results to negligence claims which are not founded on the definite services given. Even if lawyers encounter unique realities and difficulties in

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Research Paper Example Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is caused by infectious agents known as prions. Prions are a form of proteins which are common in the human body and usually harmless. But, when prion proteins are misshaped or folded they become infectious causing nearby healthy cells to replicate the abnormal shape. While the contaminated cells quickly deteriorate tissue, the brain forms holes leaving the texture so drastically altered it resembles that of a sponge. The rare disease can be transmitted a multitude of ways such as by contamination, sporadically or through inheritance. Transmission through contamination is classified as those which contract the disease after being exposed to infected tissue during surgeries, such as cornea transplants. Consisting of less than 10% of all cases, risk of exposure is low, yet still possible due to the ability of infectious agents to withstand typical sterilization practices of medical equipment. The majority of cases, approximately 85%, are attributed to the sporadic occurrence of CDJ where the disease presents spontaneously and not attributed to another form of transmission. Some cases are deemed inherited when found in patients testing positive for certain mutated genes or with a family history of CDJ. This category includes the majority of cases seen in younger patients, some being in their late twenties. Symptoms Accurate diagnosis of Creutzfekd-Jakob disease is only possible by brain biopsy or autopsy. Few biopsies are performed due to danger to the patient, inability to ensure the section removed is from a currently infected area and the chance of others contracting the disease through exposure to the infected brain tissue.

The Gullah community in American slave history Essay

The Gullah community in American slave history - Essay Example it can be said that the US slave trade is seen as one of the most infamous and unjust acts of forceful displacement. Such acts not only deprived the victims from living a life of peace and contentment in their own homeland, but also resulted in a loss of the culture, language and most importantly their original way of life. In spite of this, the level of loss in cultural and linguistic origins has not been common across all the displaced communities from Africa in the United States. The Gullah people have to a large extent been able to live an isolated life as compared to their other African counterparts both in terms of cultural identity and language. This paper, through review of relevant literature, tries to bring to light and how such a state of affairs came to be. In the process, the paper will trace the history of the Gullah and other slaves on their journey from Africa and how each of these two groups resettled into their new (forced) homeland. History of slave trade in the Un ited States: It was during the early fifteenth century that displacement of Africans as laborers (primarily in plantations) in the United States until import of new slaves were banned by an Act of Congress in 1808 (Curtis 298). Even so, imports were clandestinely carried out. Apart from this Whites could purchase slaves from other owners and also claim ownership of the children of slaves working for them. The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery, even though their status as inferior continued on until the twentieth century until the arrival of such great leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. What is to be noted is that the presence of Africans as slaves and then as free people in the United States started in the 15th century and continued to this date (a period of more than five hundred years). Having virtually no connection whatsoever with their African homeland, it is only natural that this group of aliens began assimilate the culture of their adopted land and as a result began losing their original cultural and linguistic identity. The next sections will discuss the life of the average Black people as slaves and later on as free African Americans and how these factors contributed to the social losses mentioned above. It will also discuss the unique status of the Gullah tribe taking into consideration the same parameters applied to other Africans in the country. The status of the African slaves: As mentioned earlier, slaves in Africa had no means of maintaining contact with their own people in their homeland and villages. Other factors included illiteracy which was rampant and also that they were not a cohesive group in terms of language or socio-religious customs (Klein 178). Slave trade flourished because of the lack of manpower to work in American fields and later on in business and homes. Slave owners did not apparently care about this diversity as they were only intent on obtaining cheap or free labor. As a result, even if there were groups of slaves from a single village or tribe available, most slave owners did not bother to categorize them in that manner. As a result, each farm, business or household had a set of slaves that were strangers in terms of culture and language even though they came from the same continent. Klein goes on to add that this diversity of African culture present in a single place soon led to dilution of the culture of individuals and tribes. They had

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Within the next fifty years the US may experience shifting and changing length of the seasons, changes in vegetation including habitat and diversity, changes in precipitation intensity and distribution, a rise in sea-level, an increase in storm intensity and an increase in erosion events. Shifting seasons The principle sources for this idea were: Global Warming in the Temperate Zone, Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Alaska Survey (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? As global warming effects advance, colder seasons become milder and of shorter duration. â€Å"Climate †¦ refers to the annual pattern of atmospheric conditions in a place (Lew 2004). â€Å" Since the seas change temperature more slowly than land, an increase in temperature of the sea would maintain warmer patterns for longer periods of time Impact on Physical Geography â€Å"Throughout the temperate zone, changes are being recorded in where and when plants bloom and thrive. (Global Warming in Temperate Zone 2007)† Another effect is that as the temperature rises, the altitudinal zonation normally present (Lew 2004) becomes attenuated. In some areas, the top zones are disappearing, the temperature variations no longer dip far enough to maintain snow caps, glaciers or other physical attributes wildlife depend upon (. Global Warming in Temperate Zone 2007). Impact on Human Geography Changes in seasonality have not yet had much affect upon the lower United States human geography. Change in seasonality has had profound impact upon populations in Alaska and Canada. â€Å"[The Inuit’s] winter hunting and fishing is limited severely by loss of ice (Global Warming in the Arctic 2007). † Seasonal use of Ice roads, loss of sea-ice and lengthening summers all will have a profound impact on trade and national defense ( Climate Change: â€Å"Alaska† 2000). According to the IPCC report there is little that can be done to immediately reverse this trend as temperatures will continue to increase on inertia of the GHGs already in the atmosphere (Alley 2007) . Changing vegetation and Ecology The principle sources for this idea were: Global Warming in the Temperate Zone, Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Alaska Survey (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? The changes in seasonality and accompanying changes in temperature constitute changes in climate (Lew 2004). Plant organisms and their distributions are usually sensitive to climate changes. Impact on Physical Geography â€Å"Climate has a direct impact on the biogeographic distribution of the natural vegetation in a region (Lew 2004). † Observed changes in altitudinal zonation are expected to accelerate if temperatures continue to rise rapidly (Global Warming: Temperate Zone 2007). Impact on Human Geography This effect is not likely to have an immediate impact on humans, though there may be some benefit from a longer growing season and perhaps a larger farmable area. Changes in Precipitation The principle sources for this idea were: Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Regional Overview (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? Warmer air can carry more moisture. As temperature rises it increases the vapor pressure of water and causes increased evaporation. When precipitation occurs it is likely to be more intense, dumping more water in less time than would normally be the case. Impact on Physical Geography â€Å"Precipitation is very likely to continue to increase on average, especially in middle and high latitudes†¦ in the form of heavy downpours. (US Global Change, â€Å"Water overview† 2000). â€Å" Combined with seasonality, this means that some areas will become wetter and stay wetter longer than normal. Impact on Human Geography The resulting conditions may yield increased productivity, pest populations and disease. Introduce competition for water as the distribution and rates of precipitation change (US Global Change, â€Å"Water overview† 2000). Changes will very likely exaggerate conflicts in regions where fresh water is reduced by increasing evaporation and changes in precipitation (US Global Change, â€Å"Water overview† 2000). Sea Level changes The principle sources for this idea were: Geography Chapter 2, IPCC report, and Global Warming in The Artic, Rising Sea Levels Why? Sea level changes are occurring from increasing mean temperatures. The types of sea level rise include volume increases due to thermal expansion, increasing output from rivers due to increased precipitation, and increased outflow from melting glacier and icecap reserves. Impact on Physical Geography Loss of shoreline from movement of sea, submergence of low lying islands loss of wetlands and delta areas due to increased salinity in mixed water environment. Impact on Human Geography Should ice cap melting experience a surge it is possible for a rapid increase in sea-levels of 4-20 feet to occur over a short time. A rise of that size would inundate the cities forcing many to migrate away and shutting down important commercial centers, possibly permanently. Damage could by mitigated by building dikes, tidal dams and changes to building codes requiring use of higher situated building sites, most of these protective measures are not permanent solutions. Storm intensity increases The principle sources for this idea were: Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers, Regional Overview (Us Global Change Research Program) Why? This is related to the causes for increased precipitation, the oceans get warmer, which makes more evaporative pressure. Storms, such as hurricanes forming over water will gather more flow more quickly than they would ordinarily. The storms develop higher winds (larger volume of air is ready to enter convection) and increases in precipitation (more warm moist air, carrying more moisture than normal). Impact on Physical Geography Storms such as Hurricanes can have a profound impact on the coastal environment. Physically destroying plants, contributing to landslides, and flooding, stronger storms can change the landscape quickly. Impact on Human Geography The Katrina disaster provided some idea of the impact of super-storms. A city was virtually destroyed. These storms will prompt more frequent short term migrations to avoid them. Direct prevention is not probable, but sensible preparation and pre-planned evacuation can go far to mitigate impact upon populations. Still long term migrations are bound to occur due to stresses on the job market, infrastructure, and availability of resources. Erosion Events The principle sources for this idea were: Global Warming in the Temperate Zone, Geography Chapter 2, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Rising Sea Levels Why? Increased precipitation, higher tides, and stronger storm events translate to greater land-erosion events through mudslide, landslide, torrential run-off, and storm-surge. Impact on Physical Geography Combined, these effects will decrease the available coastal area, sweep away or bury some areas. River deltas may expand but existing habitat will be washed away as the river retreats inland with the sea following. Impact on Human Geography Perhaps the most immediate of the effects of global warming, the changes in weather patterns have already forced changes in the Carolinas, and in Galveston, and Brazoria. Stronger currents, higher tides have encroached on property and subsidence has forced many homes to be abandoned. This may become more widespread and more coastal settlements will have to move. Some rebuilding and storm wall can be built, but the problems are long term and may not have permanent solutions beyond migration References: Alley, Richard et al. (2007). IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policy Makers. Retrieved February 2, 2007 from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Website: http://ipcc-wg1. ucar. edu/wg1/docs/WG1AR4_SPM_PlenaryApproved. pdf

Consumer benefits and drawbacks of shopping online

Consumer benefits and drawbacks of shopping online In the following essay I attend to track the recent growth on the web/e-retail sales and analyse, compare and critique the consumer benefits and drawbacks of shopping online compared to conventional store from the perspective of consumer behaviour, brand marketing and the application of the seven Cs of retailing. The business of e-retail has been defined as the sale of goods and services via Internet or the other electronic channels for personal or household use by consumers (Dennis 2002). The explosive growth of the Internet has revolutionised many aspects of daily life (Routledge, 2000). Since the development of the Internet in the early 90s and its relevance in e-commerce the Internet has allowed effective new communications channels, easy access, flexibility and the potential to upload a huge amount of information to a global audience. Online shopping has evolved with the growth of technology. Online shopping has had a dramatic impact and become very popular, however it still carters to middle and upper class. A significant feature in consumer attitude towards non-store shopping is exposure to technology, since it has been established that amplified exposure to technology increases the probability of developing favourable attitudes towards new shopping channels (Bigne, Enrique.2005). Growth of the web The occurrence of the Internet has already had a remarkable impact on society, there are more people online than at any other point in history and online retailers have seen tremendous increase in their online earning potential. PricewaterhouseCoopers predict that by 2014 the UK entertainment and media business will be worth an estimate  £56 billion (video on nile week 4 uk entertainment media). The rapid growth of the Web and Web development has been the result of many innovative advances in Web technology, Feather calls this the webolution. Everyday more and more people are integrating the internet into their daily lives due to the flexible opportunities on offer. Feather forecasts that a vast rapid growth on the Internet will concur over the next ten years transforming all aspects of society. Feather argues that half of North America will be living a web lifestyle in which they will also be connected to the internet and be able to control their homes, automobiles, work and lesse n the need to commute to a remote work site. Developed countries that have been offering e-commerce have shown impressive improvement in their respective economies (Javalgi et al., 2005) however the Gulf Area seem to be struggling to keep up with the western world. While consumers from the western world take for granted Internet banking and Internet shopping the Arab world are struggling due to major obstacles mainly poor infrastructure, under investment and slow connection speed. Another major concern that is contributing to their lack of slow growth is the insufficient and compelling amount of content in Arabic; only 0.2% of websites are in Arabic. However the Gulf area presents a huge potential market with over 30million web users but organisations feel its an expensive process to translate. On the other hand the new deregulation has allowed competition to enter, before only one ISP company was available to the masses but now with an increase of ISP companies they have started to push the limit on service. This new competition has driven down prices because the Internet has become more accessible and affordable for users. Video(nile of BBC Middle East Business Report: Internet Growth in the Middle East video on nile week 4) The huge growth area though, is in mobile internet access (appendix). Mobile Commerce has been defined as follows: Mobile Commerce is any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device (Tiwari, R.; Buse, S. (2007) Mobile is literally how consumers live in todays worldwide society and businesses have already seen this change in the way consumers connect to the internet. Businesses have realised the new trend and due to the improvement on browsing on smart phones this is set to increase rapidly. (Ebay appendix) Customer benefits and drawbacks To most consumers important attributes of online shopping are convenience and accessibility (Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2001). Online shopping is becoming more and more popular each year as consumers take advantage of the convenience, wide variety of products and low prices available when shopping online. Over the years the Internet has become a great source for bargain hunters for good reason, there are many great buys online with price comparison companies that help consumers find the best prices, shipping and tax advantages, and the convenience of not having to leave home. However sometimes the deal that looks like a bargain may fall short of what has been advertised. Being able to walk into a physical store and able to see, feel, try, easily ask questions and compare different products side by side with ease makes for a strong case to why brick and mortar shopping is more of an engaging experience. One major benefit of brick and mortar shopping is its organisation. Its straight-forward layout allows consumers to easily locate the right department and the right products effortlessly. Online sites offer similar organisations layouts by providing search capabilities and well designed websites with easy navigations. Another factor could be the relationship between attitudes of attractiveness of alternatives. The consumer although might have a positive attitude toward online shopping, lead by the strong attractiveness of the brick-and-mortar alternative. Therefore, he will choose to shop offline, despite his positive attitude toward shopping on the Internet. Online stores recommend certain products over others, while all websites offer descriptions for each product, it may not always be the best thing because the descriptions can be either too general or too detailed, making it difficult to compare two or more products on their features. A negative aspect of shopping online is the communication dissatisfaction because consumers miss that face to face link, not having an informed person available to provide an immediate answer. However websites now provide independent reviews by customers who have brought each product and display their own personal opinion which in the long run is beneficial to consumers because it helps strengthen their decision on whether or not to purchase a product. Other advantages and disadvantages for shopping online include: (see appendix) Perspective of consumer behaviour Retailers and researchers have been aware that shopping is not just a matter of acquiring tangible products but also about experience, enjoyment and entertainment. In the e-shopping context, experience and enjoyment originate from consumers interactions with an e-retail site. Factors can influence a consumers decision when shopping online, these include the following: Image: Traditional retailers with strong images have long been making the running in e-retail. According to Kimber (2001) instore and online shopper loyalty are linked. Image is the significant perception from the eyes of the consumer to build up their overall evaluation or rating, in such a way to guide their decision making process. Consumers are more likely to buy from a store that they consider to have a positive image e.g. price, brand or customer service. For example Tesco is recognised as having a positive image both instore and online, being the UK grocery market leader in both channels and the worlds largest e-grocer. Social: One social interaction is reference groups. These are groups that serve as a point of reference for an individual. They are perceived as credible and powerful can change consumers attitude and behaviour (see table1 appendix major consumer reference group pg332). When having doubts about obtaining accurate information about products or services, consumers are more likely to communicate with like-minded people who can be important motivators that influence decisions. Consumer related reference groups include the following: (see appendix book page 334) Opinion leadership unofficially influence the actions or attitudes of consumers who may be opinion seekers or purely opinion recipients. Opinion leaders are highly credible sources of information because their intentions are perceived as being in the best interest of the opinion recipient because unlike commercial endorsers, opinion leaders do not actually represent the interests of one company and receive no compensation for their advice. Comparisons of opinion leaders and receivers (appendix pg 506) Product characteristics: Consumers decisions whether or not to shop online are also influenced by the variety of products or services available. In essence some product categories are more suitable for online shopping than other categories, the lack of physical contact and assistance in shopping on the Internet is one factor that influences this suitability. Kare Silver (2001) created the electronic shopping test to measure a product to calculate the chances that it will be purchased online. Three factors affected the potential sell for products: Product Characteristics Familiarity and Confidence Consumer Attributes More information + example of electronic shopping test (appendix) Brand marketing Brands are ever more important on the internet with further competitors due to the global presences; brands are the link to maintaining the relationship between e-retailers and consumers. Consumers have a variety of choices and are more liable to choose e-retailers they know who represent value and are trustworthy. Brand elements are the point of contact between the brand and consumer which is intended to mirror the wanted look and feel of the brand and what it represents. For the brand to succeed all elements must be implemented correctly, however branding a company as something they do not represent is worse than no branding at all because it raises consumer expectations about the quality of what they will receive. Lindstorm (2001) dictates both trust and interactivity are the main factors when shopping online. Consumers perception of e-brands are driven by their total experience on the website, making trust a significant long-term barrier because there is no personal interaction buying on the internet offers potential risks e.g. security transactions. E-retailers can interact and build trust with consumers in a number of ways (appendix model of e-branding pg 176). E-retail mix assists e-retailers to achieve designated objectives. Prices and advertising remain a key element but online e-retailers benefit from using banner ads, pop ups and affiliate marketing. Difference forms of retail mix and e-retail mix (appendix) Loyalty marketing strategies, including communication and two-way dialog, rewards, effective customer service and service loyalty schemes and are an important aspect of brand building (Cuthbertson and Bridson, 2006). One way Adidas use the e-mix effectively is to allow consumers to create accounts to make their shopping experience easier. They offer exclusive deals/discounts on products, able to keep track of orders and personalised homepage when signed in makes consumers feel the brand are paying great attention to their needs, help build and maintain a relationship.

Essay --

There are six-teen Sovereign State; Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of these states. These states are known as the Commonwealth Realms. During the toughest times Queen Elizabeth II helped and lead people through war and depression. She has made a positive impact on the UK and people world-wide. Queen Elizabeth was born on April 21, 1926 at 2:20 am in London. She grew up in London. Her parents took over royal lodge as their country home, when she was 6. There she had her own little small house. After that her grandfather died, which made King Edward VIII, the eldest son, the king. Before the year was over King Edward VIII gave up the throne to be with the woman he loved. Her dad, King George VI, became King and she was first in line to the throne. While her dad was king she got a good education. Queen Elizabeth and her sister, Princess Margaret, were homeschooled. Together they learned history, language, literature, music, mathematics, geography. She speaks fluent French. Elizabeth was privately tutored in constitutional history from Henry Marten and Vice- Provost of Eton College....

“Fat Tax” brings Fat Benefits Essay

Junk food. Do any of us know the meaning of the term? Do the consequences of developing lethal diseases not concern us? Apparently, today’s society is well aware of what it is, (food with a low nutrition value and is usually processed or ready-prepared (Junk Food)) and what it can do, yet they prefer not to have truth repeatedly slapped in their face by the media. The way I see it, that’s exactly what these individuals are asking for. They say diets are productive, but it’s based off of self-encouragement which can only take you so far. According to an article composed by William Dietz, Obesity is a matter of personal responsibility. Poor dietary decisions cost individuals the expansion of their waist lines. What many do not realize is that as they continue to visit fast food restaurants for breakfast, lunch, or dinner, they develop an addiction. Sooner or later, they find themselves wrapped around junk food’s salty fingers and haven’t bothered to n otice that they no longer can see their toes standing upright. Higher taxes should be imposed on processed goods because it could lower death rates and medical bills that tie into obesity, encourage the consumption of healthy products, and educate American’s about adapting correct eating habits. Americans today are consuming 20% more calories than they did in the early 1980’s,† (â€Å"Would Imposing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  par. 3). Also, during that time period, only one third of American’s populace were identified as obese which is equivalent to 13%. However, over the past 25 years, America has exceeded to about 60% of the population being fat (Oliver par. 8). Due to the continuous establishments of fast food restaurants, Americans have noticed that their waist lines have expanded substantially. Hundreds of years ago, McDonald’s, Jack in the Box, Wendy’s, and Burger King were non-existant. With McDonald’s Big Mac meal containing approximately 1,300 calories, it’s no wonder America has been suffering an obesity epidemic. It’s because of these successful  companies that we have to pay for the over flowing stacks of health expenses they’ve created for us. Comparing Americans then with Americans now, you could literally see the difference without the need of any statistical information from surveys, documents, and whatnot. One of the many reasons why the government is taking this â€Å"fat tax† into consideration is due to the overwhelming figures of premature deaths and medical bills occuring across the nation. According to studies, officials are hoping that taxation on junk food could â€Å"†¦avert 2,600 deaths, 9,600 heart attacks, 240,000 new cases of diabetes every year,† (Chan par. 2). That’s not the end of it. These numbers are ascending as I we carry on with our normal daily lives. For all I know, 2013’s statistics for premature deaths due to obesity could escalate to 3,500! Almost every year, America’s government is burdened by the stunning $117 million in debt they have to pay because of people becoming diagnosed with multiple heart diseases thanks to the consumption of fast food. With that being said, the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) informed the public that too much of today’s society relies on the cheap and convenient take outs our restaurants provide us. They encounter at least 400,000 individuals with health problems, charging them almost $100 million a year (Lewis par. 4). For this reason, it is why unhealthy grubs are purchased regularly. If people were to choose between a $2 cheeseburger and a $10 salad wrap, what are the chances of them picking the $10 salad wrap? That’s what I thought. It’s disappointing knowing that profits made from fast foods are used to assist our nation’s debt. Why can’t the money derive from potent nourishments? Why do we allow the selling of unsalutary meals, knowing we are feeding them death munchies? In Addition, America has judgement skills that are completely frail and incompetent. Here we are placing exorbitant prices on healthy products when it should be the life-threatening comestibles that should be prohibited. A hand full of officials in the country have required several fast food restaurants to display â€Å"calorie-count labels† to drive individuals’ taste buds from convenience food. But even that won’t prevent obesity (Mozes par. 7). Nevertheless, even a simple a simple label couldn’t stop the hungry beasts of America from  gobbling down chunks of blubber. Due to these astonishing numbers, Americans are looking towards taxing junk food similarly to â€Å"sin taxes†. It’s a tax on harmful items (such as alcohol, tobacco, etc.) that could reduce its consumption. Officials have been pushing for states to insitute a â€Å"fat tax† and consider it as a â€Å"sin tax†. According to several smokers in New York, they discovered that paying a total of $14.50 for one pack of cigarette wasn’t worth their money. Some of them knew that complaining wouldn’t get them anywhere, so they eventually â€Å"ditched the dependency† (Sutherland par. 2). With the assistance of this sin tax, â€Å"smoking rates dropped by 12%,† (â€Å"Would Imposing†¦par. 3). This specifically proves to opponents that bomming junk food tariffs can depreciate premature death percentages and medical expenses as well. Obviously, pricey items attract less customers nowadays; so the higher the taxes, the lower the consumption. Plus, our government could distribute these taxes to health services and programs that illustrate the essence of corpulence. Also, whether the populace continues to ignore the government’s warning through tariffs, either way the tariff generated †¦$30 million in new revenue, tax records show. Basically if fast food customers wish to pursue their daily routine visiting McDonald’s, it’ll still bring the economy extra dough to support the country. Even if our main focus is to sever society’s tongue from higher cholestrol levels, we can only succor those who wish for assistance. Moreover, authorizing taxes on fast foods could subsidize the nutritional products that actually supply our physiques with the appropriate energy it naturally pines for. Knowing that the â€Å"†¦poorest in the country rely on cheap junk food,† (Lewis par. 5), automatically discloses that this necessitates more natural resources. However, in America it’s vise-versa. The more nutrition an item contains, the more you have to pay. With higher taxes on junk food, there would be no need for the federal to tax our fruits and vegetables. Society will eventually quit their whining and chase cheaper alternatives. Representatives throughout the country have â€Å"†¦calculated that an 18% tax  on junk food would result in a 56-calorie decline in total daily intake†¦along with significant reductions in the risks of most obesity-related chronic diseases,† (Fiore par. 12). Doctors have stressed that the recommended calorie consumed should be in the range of 2,000 calories. By the looks of it, American’s today are exceeding these limits. And they wonder why they are experiencing strokes, heart attacks, and becoming diagnosed with diabetes. Lastly, more health education could influence the population’s mindset about the need to eat sugary items. Media has played a huge role in advertising greasy items. Instead, we could use this strategy to discourage our customers from purchasing fast foods, stressing our concerns of obesity. Our targets would be the same audience that was exposed to fattening commercials. Raising awareness within our communities, and then our country is what the U.S. lacks today. It has been said that â€Å"You are what you eat,† but are any of us aware of exactly what we are putting in our mouths? They may display what supplies make that particular meal, but do they show how much butter they use to cook steaks? Apparently, the â€Å"U.S. Department of Agriculture says hamburgers have been growing from 1 ounce in 1957 to 6 ounces in 1997,† (Oliver par. 11). If 1997 was sixteen years ago, just imagine how hefty burgers are today? Notifying our customers about junk food should be our leaders’ priority. â€Å"It would be irresponsible not to try everything we can to save lives†¦People are dying everyday due to sugary products,† (Bloomberg qtd. in Heaton par. 5). I couldn’t agree more with Mayor Bloomberg of New York. He is probably the only official that wants to institute a fat tax to give back to the people he represents. American’s are self-centered, and their main focus is money. No one cares if they’re putting one’s life in jeoparady by creating harmful grubs. If one was to take a stand against these fast food companies, it’ll have to start with our leaders. On the other hand, controversies have made society equivocal about the implementation of taxation on packaged foods. As expected, citizens of America claim that the government is becoming too controling, and their freedom of choice is being stripped from them. While our officials’  intensions are to perpetuate the corpulence widespread, others feel provoked because they believe the government is trying to dictate their intellect (Lewis par. 3). Our leaders stress that taking care of the well-being of our internal organs should be our priority. However, the public refuses admit to the valuable advice they articulate. Many feel as if they were to say, Who are you to tell me what I can eat and not eat? It’s only fair that the people have the last say. After all, this country was established fighting For the people, by the people†¦ (Star Spangled Banner). On top of that, as stated in an article by Jen Kalaidis, tax also costs [the] country an estimated 1,300 jobs because employees would no longer be needed in food retail sectors. Although an collection of occupations would be lost, many tend to give in and develop the mindset of a pessimistic. As Alexander Graham Bell, (an eminent scientist, engineer, innovator, etc.), proclaimed, When one door closes, another door opens. The message he speaks of is about preserverence and circulating nothing but positive thought within your mind. American’s who fear losing their jobs should realize that plantation fields and factories will demand more and more employees once the fat tax is instituted. The fields will require more man power for labor work, and for manufacturing purposes as well. You will soon after notice that grocery markets will have job oppertunites. It’s actually a ripple effect, and once the economy is back to the way it was before the nation debt came about, the unemployement will be no more. Therefore, it is essential to communicate the outweighing benefits of a fat tax to the public now, before America begins to hit a downfall in the next five years. Junk food should not be outlawed, nor should it be cheap. If American’s want to continue this portliness evolvement, they can expect to see excessive aftermath in death rates. These unhealthy eats are about to rebuild our country’s values soon enough. However, with the assistance of this Twinkie Tax, I believe we could expect a tangible decline in America’s death progression and health expenses, a promotion of organic products, as well as more programs raising awareness of corpulence. Works Cited Chan, Amanda L. â€Å"Raising Junk Food Prices Could Spur People to Consume Less: Study.† The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.com, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Dietz, William. â€Å"Obesity ProCon.org† Obesity ProCon.org. Search Engine Optimization, 19 Apr. 2013. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Elder, Larry. â€Å"Just How Fat Are We?† WSJ: World Stream. WND Commentary, 1997-2013. Web. 26 Apr. 2013. Fiore, Kristina. â€Å"Junk Food Tax Could Improve Health.† ABC News. ABC News Network, 10 Mar. 2010. Web. 06 May 2013. Heaton, Richard. â€Å"NYC Soda Ban Overturned then Appealed.† Digital Journal (2013): n.pag. Print. â€Å"Junk Food.† Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. n.d. Web.05 May 2013. Kalaidis, Jen. â€Å"Should the U.S. Adopt a Fat Tax?† The Week [New York] 25 Feb. 2013: n.p. Print. Lewis, Catherine. â€Å"The Junk Food Tax: How Much are We Willing to pay to get America Healthy?† Your Health Information Center. Insider’s Health, 2011. Web. 5 May 2013. â€Å"Medical Weight Loss Resources.† Top 10 Obesity-Related Diseases. American Heart Association, Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health, 23 Apr. 2013. Web. 16 May 2013. Mozes, Alan. â€Å"The Fat Tax.† A Controversial Tool in War Against Obesity. (23 May 2005): 2-3 Print. Oliver, J. Eric. â€Å"A Big, Fat Problem.† Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America’s Obesity Epidemic. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. 1-4. Print. Sutherland, Amber. â€Å"Smokers Huff & Puff Over New Cigarette Tax.† New York Post. New York. 3 July 2010: 1-2. Print â€Å"Would Imposing a High Tax on Fast Foods and other Unhealthy Foods Help Combat Obesity Issues in U.S.?† Debate.org. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 22 Nov. 2010. Web. 29 Apr. 2013.